LXD Input Devices Driver
Setting up the LXD daemon The LXD REST API can be accessed over either a local Unix socket or over HTTPs. The protocol in both case is identical, the only difference being that the Unix socket is plain text, relying on the filesystem for authentication. To enable remote connections to you LXD daemon, run. Latest Drivers in Input Devices. Intel Wireless Bluetooth Driver 22.20.0 Intel Wireless Bluetooth is recommended for end users, including home users and business customers with Intel Wireless. Intel Android device USB driver 1.10.0 on 32-bit and 64-bit PCs. This download is licensed as freeware for the Windows (32-bit and 64-bit) operating system on a laptop or desktop PC from drivers without restrictions. Intel Android device USB driver 1.10.0 is available to all software users as a free download for Windows. For a long time LXD has supported multiple storage drivers. Users could choose between zfs, btrfs, lvm, or plain directory storage pools but they could only ever use a single storage pool. A frequent feature request was to support not just a single storage pool but multiple storage pools.
LXD is a next generation system container and virtual machine manager.
It offers a unified user experience around full Linux systems running inside containers or virtual machines.
It's image based with pre-made images available for a wide number of Linux distributions
and is built around a very powerful, yet pretty simple, REST API.
To get a better idea of what LXD is and what it does, you can try it online!
Then if you want to run it locally, take a look at our getting started guide.
Release announcements can be found here: https://linuxcontainers.org/lxd/news/
And the release tarballs here: https://linuxcontainers.org/lxd/downloads/
Status
| Type | Service | Status |
|---|---|---|
| CI (Linux) | Jenkins | |
| CI (macOS) | Travis | |
| CI (Windows) | AppVeyor | |
| LXD documentation | ReadTheDocs | |
| Go documentation | Godoc | |
| Static analysis | GoReport | |
| Translations | Weblate | |
| Project status | CII Best Practices |
Installing LXD from packages
The LXD daemon only works on Linux but the client tool (lxc) is available on most platforms.
| OS | Format | Command |
|---|---|---|
| Linux | Snap | snap install lxd |
| Windows | Chocolatey | choco install lxc |
| MacOS | Homebrew | brew install lxc |
More instructions on installing LXD for a wide variety of Linux distributions and operating systems can be found on our website.
Installing LXD from source
We recommend having the latest versions of liblxc (>= 3.0.0 required)available for LXD development. Additionally, LXD requires Golang 1.13 orlater to work. On ubuntu, you can get those with:
Note that when building LXC yourself, ensure to build it with the appropriatesecurity related libraries installed which our testsuite tests. Again, onubuntu, you can get those with:
There are a few storage backends for LXD besides the default 'directory' backend.Installing these tools adds a bit to initramfs and may slow down yourhost boot, but are needed if you'd like to use a particular backend:
To run the testsuite, you'll also need:
From Source: Building the latest version
These instructions for building from source are suitable for individual developers who want to build the latest versionof LXD, or build a specific release of LXD which may not be offered by their Linux distribution. Source builds forintegration into Linux distributions are not covered here and may be covered in detail in a separate document in thefuture.
When building from source, it is customary to configure a GOPATH which contains the to-be-built source code. When the sources are done building, the lxc and lxd binaries will be available at $GOPATH/bin, and with a littleLD_LIBRARY_PATH magic (described later), these binaries can be run directly from the built source tree.
The following lines demonstrate how to configure a GOPATH with the most recent LXD sources from GitHub:
When the build process starts, the Makefile will use go get and git clone to grab all necessary dependencies needed for building.
From Source: Building a Release
To build an official release of LXD, download and extract a release tarball, and then set up GOPATH to point to the_dist directory inside it, which is configured to be used as a GOPATH and contains snapshots of all necessary sources. LXDwill then build using these snapshots rather than grabbing 'live' sources using go get and git clone. Once the releasetarball is downloaded and extracted, set the GOPATH as follows:
Starting the Build
Once the GOPATH is configured, either to build the latest GitHub version or an official release, the following stepscan be used to build LXD.
The actual building is done by two separate invocations of the Makefile: make deps -- which builds libraries required by LXD -- and make, which builds LXD itself. At the end of make deps, a message will be displayed which will specify environment variables that should be set prior to invoking make. As new versions of LXD are released, these environmentvariable settings may change, so be sure to use the ones displayed at the end of the make deps process, as the onesbelow (shown for example purposes) may not exactly match what your version of LXD requires:
From Source: Installing
Once the build completes, you simply keep the source tree, add the directory referenced by $GOPATH/bin to your shell path, and set the LD_LIBRARY_PATH variable printed by make deps to your environment. This might looksomething like this for a ~/.bashrc file:
Now, the lxd and lxc binaries will be available to you and can be used to set up LXD. The binaries will automatically find and use the dependencies built in $GOPATH/deps thanks to the LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable.
Machine Setup
You'll need sub{u,g}ids for root, so that LXD can create the unprivileged containers:
Now you can run the daemon (the --group sudo bit allows everyone in the sudogroup to talk to LXD; you can create your own group if you want):
Security
LXD, similar to other container and VM managers provides a UNIX socket for local communication.
WARNING: Anyone with access to that socket can fully control LXD, which includesthe ability to attach host devices and filesystems, this shouldtherefore only be given to users who would be trusted with root accessto the host.
When listening on the network, the same API is available on a TLS socket(HTTPS), specific access on the remote API can be restricted throughCanonical RBAC.
More details are available here.
Getting started with LXD
Now that you have LXD running on your system you can read the getting started guide or go through more examples and configurations in our documentation.
Bug reports
Bug reports can be filed at: https://github.com/lxc/lxd/issues/new
Contributing
Fixes and new features are greatly appreciated but please read our contributing guidelines first.
Support and discussions
Forum
A discussion forum is available at: https://discuss.linuxcontainers.org
Mailing-lists
We use the LXC mailing-lists for developer and user discussions, you canfind and subscribe to those at: https://lists.linuxcontainers.org
IRC
If you prefer live discussions, some of us also hang out in#lxcontainers on irc.freenode.net.
FAQ
How to enable LXD server for remote access?
By default LXD server is not accessible from the networks as it only listenson a local unix socket. You can make LXD available from the network by specifyingadditional addresses to listen to. This is done with the core.https_addressconfig variable.
To see the current server configuration, run:
To set the address to listen to, find out what addresses are available and usethe config set command on the server:
When I do a lxc remote add over https, it asks for a password?
By default, LXD has no password for security reasons, so you can't do a remoteadd this way. In order to set a password, do:
on the host LXD is running on. This will set the remote password that you canthen use to do lxc remote add.
You can also access the server without setting a password by copying the clientcertificate from .config/lxc/client.crt to the server and adding it with:
How do I configure LXD storage?
LXD supports btrfs, ceph, directory, lvm and zfs based storage.
First make sure you have the relevant tools for your filesystem ofchoice installed on the machine (btrfs-progs, lvm2 or zfsutils-linux).
By default, LXD comes with no configured network or storage.You can get a basic configuration done with:
lxd init supports both directory based storage and ZFS.If you want something else, you'll need to use the lxc storage command:
BACKEND is one of btrfs, ceph, dir, lvm or zfs.
Unless specified otherwise, LXD will setup loop based storage with a sane default size.
For production environments, you should be using block backed storageinstead both for performance and reliability reasons.
How can I live migrate a container using LXD?
Live migration requires a tool installed on both hosts calledCRIU, which is available in Ubuntu via:
Then, launch your container with the following,
And with luck you'll have migrated the container :). Migration is still inexperimental stages and may not work for all workloads. Please report bugs onlxc-devel, and we can escalate to CRIU lists as necessary.
Can I bind mount my home directory in a container?
Yes. This can be done using a disk device:
For unprivileged containers, you will also need one of:
- Pass
shift=trueto thelxc config device addcall. This depends onshiftfsbeing supported (seelxc info) - raw.idmap entry (see Idmaps for user namespace)
- Recursive POSIX ACLs placed on your home directory
Either of those can be used to allow the user in the container to have working read/write permissions.When not setting one of those, everything will show up as the overflow uid/gid (65536:65536)and access to anything that's not world readable will fail.
Privileged containers do not have this issue as all uid/gid inthe container are the same outside.But that's also the cause of most of the security issues with such privileged containers.
How can I run docker inside a LXD container?
In order to run Docker inside a LXD container the security.nesting property of the container should be set to true.
Note that LXD containers cannot load kernel modules, so depending on yourDocker configuration you may need to have the needed extra kernel modulesloaded by the host.
You can do so by setting a comma separate list of kernel modules that your container needs with:
We have also received some reports that creating a /.dockerenv file in yourcontainer can help Docker ignore some errors it's getting due to running in anested environment.
Hacking on LXD
Directly using the REST API
The LXD REST API can be used locally via unauthenticated Unix socket or remotely via SSL encapsulated TCP.
Via Unix socket
Via TCP
TCP requires some additional configuration and is not enabled by default.
JSON payload
The hello-ubuntu.json file referenced above could contain something like:
For a long time LXD has supported multiple storage drivers. Users could choose between zfs, btrfs, lvm, or plain directory storage pools but they could only ever use a single storage pool. A frequent feature request was to support not just a single storage pool but multiple storage pools. This way users would for example be able to maintain a zfs storage pool backed by an SSD to be used by very I/O intensive containers and another simple directory based storage pool for other containers. Luckily, this is now possible since LXD gained its own storage management API a few versions back.
Creating storage pools
A new LXD installation comes without any storage pool defined. If you run lxd init LXD will offer to create a storage pool for you. The storage pool created by lxd init will be the default storage pool on which containers are created.
Creating further storage pools
Our client tool makes it really simple to create additional storage pools. In order to create and administer new storage pools you can use the lxc storage command. So if you wanted to create an additional btrfs storage pool on a block device /dev/sdb you would simply use lxc storage create my-btrfs btrfs source=/dev/sdb. But let’s take a look:
Creating containers on the default storage pool
If you started from a fresh install of LXD and created a storage pool via lxd init LXD will use this pool as the default storage pool. That means if you’re doing a lxc launch images:ubuntu/xenial xen1 LXD will create a storage volume for the container’s root filesystem on this storage pool. In our examples we’ve been using my-first-zfs-pool as our default storage pool:
Creating containers on a specific storage pool
But you can also tell lxc launch and lxc init to create a container on a specific storage pool by simply passing the -s argument. For example, if you wanted to create a new container on the my-btrfs storage pool you would do lxc launch images:ubuntu/xenial xen-on-my-btrfs -s my-btrfs:
Lxd Input Devices Driver Device
Creating custom storage volumes
If you need additional space for one of your containers to for example store additional data the new storage API will let you create storage volumes that can be attached to a container. This is as simple as doing lxc storage volume create my-btrfs my-custom-volume:
Attaching custom storage volumes to containers
Of course this feature is only helpful because the storage API let’s you attach those storage volume to containers. To attach a storage volume to a container you can use lxc storage volume attach my-btrfs my-custom-volume xen1 data /opt/my/data:
Sharing custom storage volumes between containers
Lxd Input Devices Driver Updater
By default LXD will make an attached storage volume writable by the container it is attached to. This means it will change the ownership of the storage volume to the container’s id mapping. But Storage volumes can also be attached to multiple containers at the same time. This is great for sharing data among multiple containers. However, this comes with a few restrictions. In order for a storage volume to be attached to multiple containers they must all share the same id mapping. Let’s create an additional container xen-isolated that has an isolated id mapping. This means its id mapping will be unique in this LXD instance such that no other container does have the same id mapping. Attaching the same storage volume my-custom-volume to this container will now fail:
But let’s make xen-isolated have the same mapping as xen1 and let’s also rename it to xen2 to reflect that change. Now we can attach my-custom-volume to both xen1 and xen2 without a problem:
Summary
The storage API is a very powerful addition to LXD. It provides a set of essential features that are helpful in dealing with a variety of problems when using containers at scale. This short introducion hopefully gave you an impression on what you can do with it. There will be more to come in the future.
Lxd Input Devices Driver Win 7
This blog was originally featured at Brauner's Blog
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