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China still maintains a relatively poor traffic safety record. According to the latest statistics provided by the World Health Organization [1], in 2013, 261,400 people in China were estimated to be unfortunately killed by road traffic accidents, accounting for 21.64% of global road traffic fatalities. Furthermore, a study [2] showed that 16~22% of China’s traffic accidents occurred in the urban-road intersections, and 90% of the above accidents happened within the signal change interval, especially during the change of signal lights from green to red. The above statistics illustrate that during a signal cycle, the signal phase change interval is the most dangerous. Therefore, calculating the intergreen time (IGT) of signalized intersections more reasonably is crucial to enhance the safety at signalized intersections.

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Fifty-one traffic offenders participating in penalty courses were compared to a control group of 36 drivers who were not penalized for traffic offences in the 5 years prior to the study. All participants performed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a popular decision task employed for assessing cognitive impulsivity, and completed the “big five. The main hypothesis tested in this paper is that the frequency of overtaking maneuvers on a driving simulator is associated with a faulty decision making style in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a popular decision task employed for assessing cognitive impulsivity.

IGT is designed to avoid traffic conflicts during the signal change interval and in general equals yellow change interval plus red clearance interval [3]. The purpose of setting yellow light in intersections is to alert drivers that the green light is going to turn red. Similarly the all-red time is designed to clear the intersection before giving the right of way to the cross traffic flow [3]. Obviously, to enhance the safety of signalized intersections, a relatively longer IGT is needed; however, this may lead to an increase in lost time and a decrease in efficiency.

However, accurately calculating an appropriate IGT for a signalized intersection is of considerable complexity, which is mainly caused by the randomness and complexity of drivers’ driving behaviors. For example, when a vehicle approaches in one direction into a signalized intersection at the end of green light or at the onset of yellow light, the driver needs to make a “stop/go” decision [4, 5]. This decision is influenced by multiple factors including driver characteristics [6–8], signal change modes [9], traffic volume [8–10], etc. On the other hand, in the crossing direction the vehicles approaching the intersection at the onset of green light have various velocities which are affected by many factors, not simply the design speed.

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The laws governing driver response to yellow light vary across countries. Drivers are taught to appropriately respond to the yellow light through laws which can be classified into three types. Type 1 is that the vehicles can enter the intersection at any point during yellow light. This type is called permissive yellow law. Type 2 is that vehicle cannot enter or be in the intersection on red light interval and finally in Type 3, vehicles should stop during the yellow light, but it is legal to proceed with caution through the intersection if it is not possible to do safely. The 2nd and 3rd types are termed as restrictive yellow light law by prior work [11]. Law on Road Traffic Safety of the People’s Republic of China adopts the 1st type, which in other words mean that the yellow light in China is permissive.

In the conventional calculation method of IGT of signalized intersection, the relevant parameters, e.g., the PRT, vehicular approaching velocity, and vehicular deceleration, are usually considered as a constant value. These conventional methods ignore the randomness of drivers’ driving behavior and therefore, a method considering the randomness will be introduced in this research. This paper aims at putting forward a safety-reliability-based approach to calculate the IGT. The remainder of this paper is structured as follows. Section 2 makes a comprehensive summary of the conventional calculation method of IGT of signalized intersections with a special focus on the concept of dilemma zone (DZ). An IGT calculation model based on safety reliability is put forward in Section 3, followed by a Monte-Carlo simulation in the Section 4 to solve the proposed model. In Section 5, the curve clusters describing the relationship between IGT, safety reliability, and intersection width are drawn. Finally, Section 6 concludes this study.

China still maintains a relatively poor traffic safety record. According to the latest statistics provided by the World Health Organization [1], in 2013, 261,400 people in China were estimated to be unfortunately killed by road traffic accidents, accounting for 21.64% of global road traffic fatalities. Furthermore, a study [2] showed that 16~22% of China’s traffic accidents occurred in the urban-road intersections, and 90% of the above accidents happened within the signal change interval, especially during the change of signal lights from green to red. The above statistics illustrate that during a signal cycle, the signal phase change interval is the most dangerous. Therefore, calculating the intergreen time (IGT) of signalized intersections more reasonably is crucial to enhance the safety at signalized intersections.

IGT is designed to avoid traffic conflicts during the signal change interval and in general equals yellow change interval plus red clearance interval [3]. The purpose of setting yellow light in intersections is to alert drivers that the green light is going to turn red. Similarly the all-red time is designed to clear the intersection before giving the right of way to the cross traffic flow [3]. Obviously, to enhance the safety of signalized intersections, a relatively longer IGT is needed; however, this may lead to an increase in lost time and a decrease in efficiency.

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However, accurately calculating an appropriate IGT for a signalized intersection is of considerable complexity, which is mainly caused by the randomness and complexity of drivers’ driving behaviors. For example, when a vehicle approaches in one direction into a signalized intersection at the end of green light or at the onset of yellow light, the driver needs to make a “stop/go” decision [4, 5]. This decision is influenced by multiple factors including driver characteristics [6–8], signal change modes [9], traffic volume [8–10], etc. On the other hand, in the crossing direction the vehicles approaching the intersection at the onset of green light have various velocities which are affected by many factors, not simply the design speed.

The laws governing driver response to yellow light vary across countries. Drivers are taught to appropriately respond to the yellow light through laws which can be classified into three types. Type 1 is that the vehicles can enter the intersection at any point during yellow light. This type is called permissive yellow law. Type 2 is that vehicle cannot enter or be in the intersection on red light interval and finally in Type 3, vehicles should stop during the yellow light, but it is legal to proceed with caution through the intersection if it is not possible to do safely. The 2nd and 3rd types are termed as restrictive yellow light law by prior work [11]. Law on Road Traffic Safety of the People’s Republic of China adopts the 1st type, which in other words mean that the yellow light in China is permissive.

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In the conventional calculation method of IGT of signalized intersection, the relevant parameters, e.g., the PRT, vehicular approaching velocity, and vehicular deceleration, are usually considered as a constant value. These conventional methods ignore the randomness of drivers’ driving behavior and therefore, a method considering the randomness will be introduced in this research. This paper aims at putting forward a safety-reliability-based approach to calculate the IGT. The remainder of this paper is structured as follows. Section 2 makes a comprehensive summary of the conventional calculation method of IGT of signalized intersections with a special focus on the concept of dilemma zone (DZ). An IGT calculation model based on safety reliability is put forward in Section 3, followed by a Monte-Carlo simulation in the Section 4 to solve the proposed model. In Section 5, the curve clusters describing the relationship between IGT, safety reliability, and intersection width are drawn. Finally, Section 6 concludes this study.